Illegal immigration in United States free essay sample

In this content I will expound on unlawful migration in United States. First I will discuss what illicit movement is and give you a few realities about it in U. S. I will likewise examine for and against unlawful movement. I will give you a portion of mine perspective at long last. When you go to a nation without consent and remain there for quite a while, that? s unlawful migration. A large number of these individuals scan for visa and as an answer they get no, yet at the same time they remain in the nation at any rate. â€Å"Illegal movement to the United States alludes to the demonstration of remote nationals damaging U. S. movement arrangements and national laws by entering or staying in the United States without legitimate authorization from the United States government. †1 An unlawful settler is an outsider (non-resident) who has entered the United States without government consent or remained her to long so the visa has lapsed. We will compose a custom exposition test on Unlawful migration in United States or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 2 In 2009 62 % of illicit foreigners were from Mexico, 5 % from El Salvador, 4 % from Guatemala, 3 % from Honduras, 2 % from Philippines, 2 % from India, 2 % from Korea, 2 % from Ecuador, 1 % from Brazil, 1 % from China and 15 % from different nations. 3 Based on this we can see that nearly everyone are from Mexico, one explanation might be that there is a short separation among Mexico and the United States. In the event that we look further into these numbers, at that point we can see that Europe it isn't notice. Possibly individuals emigrate from nations with low economy and high joblessness? Illicit movement happens everywhere throughout the world. Something to be thankful for with foreigners is that they are important in light of the fact that they do tasks that most Americans wear? t need. In U. S. there is a few employments with negligible compensation. 4 If individuals from America don’t take occupations like that, at that point they need laborers and it is acceptable that outsiders can carry out the responsibilities. Workers do these sorts of occupations since they will begin another life and win more cash so they can bolster their families. They additionally may send some cash to their family that live in the nation they originated from. An excellent case of an occupation that numerous outsiders take is ranchers. This is brilliant for the ranchers, they will have the option to plant and gather less lavishly in light of the fact that they wear? t pay so significant compensations to workers. Individuals who move have one dream and that is to have a decent life, procure cash, and don’t stress over bills that should be paid, in light of the fact that they have insufficient cash. This is the large dream for individuals who move. 5 One explanation that movement is terrible is that a portion of the migrants don’t work, some of them doesn? t get familiar with the language and some of them won't coordinate themselves and their youngsters on the off chance that they have. In this way the low wages to illicit immigrants’ will annihilate all chances to Americans works will them pushing the wages down with the goal that others don't needs the employments for so little prize. It will keep on development of the interest for modest work and low wages. On the off chance that the outsiders work †black†, they don't give anything back to the general public and that’s extremely significant that everyone contribute, in light of the fact that it costs citizens billions of dollars. 6 If some unlawful workers accomplish something illicit it is hard for the indictment and the equity, when they escape the nation. It can likewise be uniqueness between lawful settlers who adhere to the principles and the individuals who dont. Another explanation that outsiders are affecting United States is that they are overpowering the framework. For example, a wide range of open administrations, for example, police assets and crisis room are redirected to managing issues identified with unlawful settlers, while they don't pay government or nearby charges. 7 I imagine that each nation needs some illicit foreigners. I think it is acceptable and terrible that we have illicit migration. Unlawful migration can be significant for organizations who need individuals for only a brief timeframe and can accomplish long work hours. They don’t have a similar obligation regarding them as they would have for an American laborer. I likewise imply that if unlawful settlers do some criminal stuff, they ought to be sent to their nation to serve the punishment. At the point when unlawful migrants work, some of them make ledgers and afterward financiers acquire cash on that. At that point the general public gets something back, in spite of the fact that they are illicit settlers. My supposition is additionally in the event that some illicit foreigners are accomplishing something criminal and, at that point they get away from the nation. It is exceptionally awful for the individuals who are influenced, that they never get captured, the person in question. Something else that is slightly below average with unlawful movement is that a few proprietors or ranch proprietors purchase individuals so they get as modest work as could be expected under the circumstances. So then we can presume that illicit migration can be acceptable and awful. I feel that we can never get to the base on the off chance that it is positive or negative with unlawful movement. Anyway I think there are most terrible parts of unlawful migration.

A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet Essays - Star Trek

A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet Essays - Star Trek A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet A Rose, By a Vulcan Name, Would Smell as Sweet. Social analysis is risky. Notwithstanding gambling social and political blame, the pundit should cautiously pass on the message. In legitimately tending to an issue, one dangers distancing a crowd of people before coming to one's meaningful conclusion. On the off chance that one by implication approaches said issue, one may seem to need conviction or a point. Star Trek: the Original Series takes a third way, that of moral story. Tragically, as the TV arrangement has a place with the sci-fi class, its social hugeness is regularly ignored. Be that as it may, upon assessment, obviously the hidden idea of critique in Star Trek is essential. A purposeful anecdote tends to issues, typically current political or social circumstances, through a fictionalized account. This is helpful to shield the teller of the story from legitimate or political abuse, as confirm by Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Purposeful anecdote may likewise utilize situational metaphor to overstate a circumstance until its social effect is self-evident, as in Voltaire's Candide. The shroud of moral story serves the two capacities, after a style, in Star Trek: the Original Series. As opposed to securing the maker, modified portrayals ensured the uprightness of the story line from arrange blue pencils. For instance, the scene A Private Little War portrayed the Federation, the arrangement's hero association, warring with the Klingon country, its foe, on a modest crude world (Star Trek). Truth be told, the scene was a presentation of pacifism focused on the imprudences of the Vietnam War. Such a presentation may be obstructed by edits as unpatriotic or ailing in watcher appeal, were it a clear proclamation of the indecencies of Vietnam. As a story, be that as it may, it keeps away from such charges and might be conveyed to the majority by means of TV. Situational embellishment is likewise used to commute home significant focuses. An issue may not be obvious to a normal individual. Accordingly, the allegorist grows the issue, blowing up it past ordinary setting to make its import clear. The makers of the Original Series accomplished this through images. In the scene Let That Be Your Last Battlefield, two outsider men, whose appearances were half dark and half white, were highlighted. The white half was on right half of one man's face, and the left of the other's. Because of this distinction, the two races had battled each other until just two endure (Star Trek). This appears to be simply a heartbreaking story. In fact, it is a remark on prejudice. Leave That Alone Your Last Battlefield recounts to the watcher a recognizable story, the contrasts between the two men are insignificant, similar to the contrasts between races on Earth. Their appearances are made out of similar hues in varying mixes. In this way, as well, are the shades of humankind the equivalent, simply present in contrasting extents. Covered up inside fiction, genuine subjects plagued the Star Trek of the 60's. Quality Roddenberry, maker of the Star Trek establishment, laid out an idealistic future where the wrongdoings of the present are missing or conquerable. Those wrongs included bigotry, prejudice, sexism and war. Ethnocentrism is decried by a multi-ethnic cast, which highlights characters of numerous nationalities and universes in unmistakable positions. The natural topic of bigotry emerges again in Balance of Terror. Cold War neurosis is spoken to the anecdotal humankind's own Cold War with the Romulans, an obviously antagonistic race. This scene likewise brings to mind the abuse of Americans with Japanese lineage during the Second World War. The character Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, looks to some extent like the Romulan foe, and is in this manner maligned and named a double crosser by his own friends. Despite the fact that the people of Star Trek exist in cold or inside and out war with creatures from different universes, this state is depicted as miserable. Everybody consistently needs me to do space fights, Gene Roddenberry once stated, Well screw them. That is not what Star Trek is about (Walsh 2), and this pacifism is praised by the characters of the arrangement. The Prime Directive, the focal idea of Star Trek: the Original Series' investigating society, is a kind of code of respect got from Roddenberry's sentiments on the Vietnam War. It prohibits obstruction in the improvement of civic establishments less ground-breaking or innovatively progressed than Earth's. Various endeavors were made to delineate sexual orientation equity; sadly, in this the

Best Practice for the Management of Dementia Patients in the Acute Car Literature review

Best Practice for the Management of Dementia Patients in the Acute Car Literature review Best Practice for the Management of Dementia Patients in the Acute Care Setting â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ Best Practice for the Management of Dementia Patients in the Acute Care Setting” is a potent example of a literature review on psychology. Dementia has been known to greatly interfere with human intellectual functions. It consists of various types, ranging from Primary dementia, Multi-infarct dementia, Lewy body dementia, alcoholism-related dementia, dementia due to brain-structure abnormalities, to infection-related dementia. This disorder can crop up in any individual at any age especially due to head injuries, dietary deficiencies, oxygen deprivation, metabolic disorders, and inherited diseases. Its prevalence increases faster with age and it is most common in older people, where after the age of 60 its impacts have been known to double, as such it is the chief reason for the institutionalization of the aged. The care needed by these patients and the best practice for managing these patients in the acute health care setting, especially considering their cognitiv e deficits, is therefore of paramount consideration. Some best practices for managing dementia in the settings include ensuring proper communication, drawing proper conclusions (getting full details), and maintaining high standards of hygiene. Best management practice for dementia in the acute care setting. According to Norberg (1994), nurses have the responsibility of conducting proper communications with dementia patients in these settings. This is because without proper communication the treatments are most likely to be ineffective. It is worsened by the fact that the nurses may go against the integrity of the people. This comes as a result of the real nursing situation, where the nursing staff might sometimes force themselves upon the dementia-suffering people in order to ensure they perform their duties. The most given reason for such actions from the nurses is due to the fact that the patients may sometimes refuse help from the staff, and as such the nurse may use force to he lp them. The impacts of miss-communications between the nursing staff and the dementia patients are quite adverse. An instance is when patients with diminished communication capacity relay their emotions or feeling to the nurses through projection, which consequently makes the nursing staff very uneasy and frustrated. As such, therefore, as argued by Byrne (1997), the duty of providing good care to the patients might be stressing, this stress can then be easily transferred to the patients suffering from dementia, hence worsening their already existing poor health conditions. Proper communication is also vital for nursing practice since the nurses are able to allocate enough time for the basic care of the patients. Miss-communications have often led to the nursing staff devoting very little time in caring for the dementia patients because most of the nursing staff often work according to their routines, as opposed to working in accordance with the dementia patient’ s needs. Long (2009) on his part notes that some patients are often neglected due to communication difficulties between the nursing staff and the patients, as the patients have difficulties in expressing themselves and would require much time for their body language to be interpreted. In as much as the idea that the dementia patients may communicate as well as play a vital role in their care is greatly challenging to a majority of the health-care providers, various studies carried out provide sufficient evidence showing that people suffering from dementia always retain their communication skills. Therefore, since this kind of communication relies much on whether nurses believe it is possible or not, the nurses should strive to ensure they develop proper communication strategies, get as much information from the patients as possible and use such to advance the care they give to the patients (Goldsmith, 1996).

Toxicity in the Workplace - 3766 Words

The Toxic Workplace Organizational Behaviour Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the inter-relationship of incivility and toxicity, how bullies are able to become toxic managers, and how they are allowed to develop in a toxic organization. We also analyze the development of organizational pain and how toxin handlers deal it with. Finally, we hope to assess if there is any validity to claims that ‘Generation Z’ is responsible for the recent prevalence of workplace toxicity. What is a toxic workplace? Overview of Toxicity: â€Å"Violence, aggression, bullying, tyranny, harassment, deviance, and injustice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cortina 2001), the ‘magnificent seven’ anti-socialites comprising Workplace Toxicity. A relatively new†¦show more content†¦Without the use of a â€Å"Toxin Handler† to ameliorate the emotional pain, workplace toxicity affects the bottom line of an organization through lost productivity from distraction, debilitating health issues, and attrition (Scholten). Workplace Incivility: â€Å"I don’t have time to be nice.† Unlike aggressive, violent, and abusive workplaces, where the intent to cause harm is apparent, incivility takes on more ambiguous forms, where the perceptions of the instigator, target, and observer(s), must factor together to determine intent (Andersson, 1999). General incivility, as a primary precursor to a toxic workplace, can be described as rude behavior, or a disregard for others within the organization, stemming from a lack of recognition, or ignorance, of co-workers emotions and values, often taking form in deviance as a protest of dissatisfaction (Kelloway, 2010), and leads to a downward spiral of malcontent. Pearson classifies Incivility as â€Å"Low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm† stemming from â€Å"Anti-social behavior in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect†.Despite the intent, or lack thereof, the effects of incivility in the workplace are strictly damaging, and as such, must be addressed before spiraling out of con trol. Examples of workplace incivility include ignoring advice and belittling ideas, lack of active listening, taking credit for shared work and public criticism or insults (Johnson, 2001). Even negativeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Toxic Leadership On Toxic Leaders1392 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in chaos in the workplace. The negative feelings associated with a toxic work environment can cause issues such as attendance issues, low morale, and low productivity. Although a toxic workplace can have serious effects of an individual, there are ways to survive a toxic workplace. The Physical Effects of Toxic Leadership Short Term Health Implications Being exposed to toxic leadership has the potential to be stressful. It has been commonly known that workplace stress affects many onRead MoreOsha Case Study848 Words   |  4 Pagespractices identified below and in the references noted under â€Å"Resources.† Exposure Assessment and Characterization As more information is generated on the mechanisms involving nanomaterial toxicity, it will be determined which measurement technique is best suited to monitor nanoparticle exposure in the workplace. The current research demonstrates that bulk chemistry and mass measurements may be less suited for assessment than the nanoparticle’s properties of surface chemistry, surface area, and particleRead MoreScience Engineering, And Biomedical Applications1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdamage. Nanoparticles can indeed exhibit greater toxicity than a larger sized particle of the same toxicant.2 There are several known mechanisms for nanoparticle toxicity, especially due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).3 A prime example of the deleterious effects of ROS action are presented in the lung inflammation which develop following the inhalation of nanoparticles such as quartz or mineral dust. In addition to known pulmonary toxicity from nanoparticle inhalation, Hussain et alRead Mo reToxic Response of Biological System732 Words   |  3 Pagesteratogenic response may be drugs that are taken during pregnancy, radiation, chemical hazards in workplace, dietary deficiencies and natural contaminants. Teratogenicity is confined to effect of toxins on somatic cells within developing embryo or fetus and the consequent effects on the particular individual. Mutations are heritable changes that are produced in the cell genotype. Genetic toxicity may therefore be induced by various agents that include foreign compounds and this occurrence is anRead MoreEssay On Working In The Workplace1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbesides dishwasher. When I started this job I was a senior high school, which compared to my co-workers, was very young. Most of my co-workers were in their late twenties and thirties. Due to this age gap, I felt very immature and underpowered in the workplace. I felt like I had to follow everybody’s command because it was my first job and felt like I needed to be the perfect worker. There are two issues in this case that put pressure on me to act unethically or not speak up. First, at the beginning ofRead MoreEnvironmental Toxicity and Cancer885 Words   |  3 Pagescarcinogens (toxicity) occurs regularly in the home, the workplace and through consumer products and lifestyle choices (Cancer and Toxic Chemicals, 2012). In fact, environmental factors including smoke, nutrition, and exposure to carcinogens are estimated to be responsible for up to 80% of all cancer deaths in the U.S. There is also a greater potential for toxic materials to interact with human genetic and lifestyle to increase the risks of blood born cancers. The potential for this toxicity remainsRead MoreEssay On Blood Lead Exposure1266 Words   |  6 Pagesmanifestation reported in this study and the elevation in the levels of lead among workers due to exposure at workplace environment. The group of workers (W4 and W5) exceed the biological exposure index (BEI) of American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) which is set as 30 µg/dL (ACGIH, 2011). Clearly these two groups are showing the effect of their extended workplace exposure. Earlier the workers were examined for general health status along with healthy controls and significantRead MoreImpact Of Toxicity Of Commercial Sodium Salt On Kidney And Dna Of Ma le Mice Part 11561 Words   |  7 PagesImpact toxicity of commercial Sodium Chlorid Salt on Kidney and DNA of male mice Part 1 1*Aly, H. M. 2Gamela S.M. El-Saeed, 3Rizka K.Ali. 1Department of Cell Biology, 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, 3Department of Water Pollution Research, Abstract: Sodium chloride is widely used in various industrial, medical and food applications that increasing human exposure to it by excessive amount. However, almost all studies focused on its nephrotoxicity and adaptation of kidney cells to high concentrationRead MoreNannomaterials In Literature Report1703 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumer products. Presently, there is no standard approach to examining ENM toxicity, and a lot of literature review clearly recommends that ENMs may have toxicity different from similar compounds in bulk or dissolved form. By looking at ENMs used in the semiconductor manufacturing process called chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) for their properties, removal in the wastewater treatment system (WWT), in-vitro toxicity, and location post-inhalation in-vivo; It was discovered that ENMs in CMPRead MoreThe Uranium Was Discovered By Martin Klaproth771 Words   |  4 Pagesas its byproduct. Uranium primarily emits alpha radiation, however, lower levels of both be ta and gamma radiation are also emitted. Exposure to uranium can result in both chemical and radiological toxicity. The main chemical effect associated with exposure to uranium and its compounds is kidney toxicity. It can substitute for calcium in the bones and thus contribute to developing osteoporosis. It can combine with and bind citrates and carbonates in your body. It can deposit in your liver, spleen

Describe the main features of American federalism. Essay

American federalism is constantly used as a benchmark for democratic societies. Having been successfully implemented along with the constitution, it has shown that it has been able to adapt to the changing environments throughout history. One scholar has claimed, â€Å"Federalism – old style – is dead.† However I disagree. In the following paragraphs, I will show how federalism is a part of the United States but how some problems make it seem like it is failing in the modern environment. American federalism is a system of dual-sovereignty between two levels of government. It is a constitutional feature that power is divided between the national government and the governments of the states, and that both are mutually dependant on the other†¦show more content†¦Extend the sphere and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens By introducing a federal system of government, the power is diffused between the states and the national government. Because this system takes in a large number of people, it is better than a centralised government as â€Å"†¦you take in a greater variety of parties and interests† meaning minorities are protected, as there are too many interests for any one majority to have power. Following on from this, it prevents centralised power. As both the states and the national government share the power, one cannot act without the support of the other. There is a common understanding between the two as to what each is responsible for – it is outlined in the constitution. It would be impossible for one to intrude upon the other’s control. Because of this, the national government cannot become more powerful than the states. Indeed, Hamilton voices fears in Federalist No. 17 that â€Å"It will always be far more easy for the State governments to encroach upon the nat ional authorities than for the national government to encroach upon the State authorities.† Even if this became the case, the power would still be divided between the individual states, so power could still not be centralised. Federalism preserves theShow MoreRelatedNature of Indian Constitution11177 Words   |  45 Pagesconstitution of India is completely federal or unitary in nature. But actually Indian constitution contains both features of a federal constitution and unitary constitution. 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For example after the gun incidents in America, someRead MoreThe Design Of A Constitution Of Any Country Has Impacts On Politics And Society2625 Words   |  11 Pagesauthoritarian regime and how the institutions that are stated in the constitution are organised for example the government, the legislature, the electoral system and the party system and this piece of academic writing will demonstrate how. How can one describe a constitution? 1) A constitution can be written or unwritten. Written constitutions are entrenched meaning that if something in the constitution needed to be amended, it would be difficult to do so. For example after the numerous gun incidents inRead MoreResiduary Power Art.2489736 Words   |  39 Pagesunion or a composite of a novel type. It is often defined to be quasi-federal in nature. Under Indian Constitution seventh schedule has important place in regards with the distribution of power. Distribution of power is one of the important features of Federalism. 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The characteristics of host country such as democracy (Li and Reesnick, 2003; Jensen, 2008); restrictions on the executive (Henisz, 2000); federalism (Jensen and McGillivray, 2005), and corruption (Habib and Zurawicki, 2003; Javorcik and Wei, 2009), all impact the businesses and foreign direct investment to a given host country. Previously researchers have focused on different aspects of politicalRead MoreUnit 1 Economic Environment of Business14187 Words   |  57 PagesManagement 1.8 Economic and Non-Economic Environment : The Interaction Matrix 1.9 Summary 1.10 Key Words 1.11 Further Reading 1.12 Self-assessment Questions 1.1 INTRODUCTION You may have a variety of reasons for studying this course, but the main reason, we presume, is to become a successful manager. Your success or failure as a manager depends on a number of factors and these factors may not always be within your control; very often such factors constitute your work environment. These

Forward the Foundation Chapter 23 Free Essays

5 â€Å"Dad,† said Raych with some concern, â€Å"you look tired.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Hari Seldon, â€Å"I feel tired. But how are you?† Raych was forty-four now and his hair was beginning to show a bit of gray, but his mustache remained thick and dark and very Dahlite in appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 23 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Seldon wondered if he touched it up with dye, but it would have been the wrong thing to ask. Seldon said, â€Å"Are you through with your lecturing for a while?† â€Å"For a while. Not for long. And I’m glad to be home and see the baby and Manella and Wanda-and you, Dad.† â€Å"Thank you. But I have news for you, Raych. No more lecturing. I’m going to need you here.† Raych frowned. â€Å"What for?† On two different occasions he had been sent to carry out delicate missions, but those were back during the days of the Joranumite menace. As far as he knew, things were quiet now, especially with the overthrow of the junta and the reestablishment of a pale Emperor. â€Å"It’s Wanda,† said Seldon. â€Å"Wanda? What’s wrong with Wanda?† â€Å"Nothing’s wrong with her, but we’re going to have to work out a complete genome for her-and for you and Manella as well-and eventually for the new baby.† â€Å"For Bellis, too? What’s going on?† Seldon hesitated. â€Å"Raych, you know that your mother and I always thought there was something lovable about you, something that inspired affection and trust.† â€Å"I know you thought so. You said so often enough when you were trying to get me to do something difficult. But I’ll be honest with you. I never felt it.† â€Å"No, you won over me and†¦ and Dors.† (He had such trouble saying the name, even though four years had passed since her destruction.) â€Å"You won over Rashelle of Wye. You won over Jo-Jo Joranum. You won over Manella. How do you account for all that?† â€Å"Intelligence and charm,† said Raych, grinning. â€Å"Have you thought you might have been in touch with their-our-minds?† â€Å"No, I’ve never thought that. And now that you mention it, I think it’s ridiculous. With all due respect, Dad, of course.† â€Å"What if I told you that Wanda seems to have read Yugo’s mind during a moment of crisis?† â€Å"Coincidence or imagination, I should say.† â€Å"Raych, I knew someone once who could handle people’s minds as easily as you and I handle conversation.† â€Å"Who was that?† â€Å"I can’t speak of him. Take my word for it, though.† â€Å"Well-† said Raych dubiously. â€Å"I’ve been at the Galactic Library, checking on such matters. There is a curious story, about twenty thousand years old and therefore back to the misty origins of hyperspatial travel. It’s about a young woman, not much more than Wanda’s age, who could communicate with an entire planet that circled a sun called Nemesis.† â€Å"Surely a fairytale.† â€Å"Surely. And incomplete, at that. But the similarity with Wanda is astonishing.† Raych said, â€Å"Dad, what are you planning?† â€Å"I’m not sure, Raych. I need to know the genome and I have to find others like Wanda. I have a notion that youngsters are born-not often but occasionally-with such mental abilities, but that, in general, it merely gets them in trouble and they learn to mask it. And as they grow tip, their ability, their talent, is buried deep within their minds- sort of an unconscious act of self-preservation. Surely in the Empire or even just among Trantor’s forty billion, there must be more of that sort, like Wanda, and if I know the genome I want, I can test those I think may be so.† â€Å"And what would you do with them if you found them, Dad?† â€Å"I have the notion that they are what I need for the further development of psychohistory.† Raych said, â€Å"And Wanda is the first of the type you know about and you intend to make a psychohistorian out of her?† â€Å"Perhaps.† â€Å"Like Yugo. Dad, no!† â€Å"Why no?† â€Å"Because I want her to grow up like a normal girl and become a normal woman. I will not have you sitting her before the Prime Radiant and make her into a living monument to psychohistorical mathematics.† Seldon said, â€Å"It may not come to that, Raych, but we must have her genome. You know that for thousands of years there have been suggestions that every human being have his genome on file. It’s only the expense that’s kept it from becoming standard practice; no one doubts the usefulness of it. Surely you see the advantages. If nothing else, we will know Wanda’s tendencies toward a variety of physiological disorders. If we had ever had Yugo’s genome, I am certain he would not now be dying. Surely we can go that far.† â€Å"Well, maybe, Dad, but no further. I’m willing to bet that Manella is going to be a lot firmer on this than I am.† Seldon said, â€Å"Very well. But remember, no more lecture tours. I need you at home.† â€Å"We’ll see,† Raych said and left. Seldon sat there in a quandary. Eto Demerzel, the one person he knew who could handle minds, would have known what to do. Dors, with her nonhuman knowledge, might have known what to do. For himself, he had a dim vision of a new psychohistory-but nothing more than that. 6 It was not an easy task to obtain a complete genome of Wanda. To begin with, the number of biophysicists equipped to handle the genome was small and those that existed were always busy. Nor was it possible for Seldon to discuss his needs openly, in order to interest the biophysicists. It was absolutely essential, Seldon felt, that the true reason for his interest in Wanda’s mental powers be kept secret from all the Galaxy. And if another difficulty was needed, it was the fact that the process was infernally expensive. Seldon shook his head and said to Mian Endelecki, the biophysicist he was now consulting, â€Å"Why so expensive, Dr. Endelecki? I am not an expert in the field, but it is my distinct understanding that the process is completely computerized and that, once you have a scraping of skin cells, the genome can be completely built and analyzed in a matter of days.† â€Å"That’s true. But having a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule stretching out for billions of nucleotides, with every purine and pyrimidine in its place, is the least of it; the very least of it, Professor Seldon. There is then the matter of studying each one and comparing it to some standard. â€Å"Now, consider, in the first place, that although we have records of complete genomes, they represent a vanishingly small fraction of the number of genomes that exist, so that we don’t really know how standard they are.† Seldon asked, â€Å"Why so few?† â€Å"A number of reasons. The expense, for one thing. Few people are willing to spend the credits on it unless they have strong reason to think there is something wrong with their genome. And if they have no strong reason, they are reluctant to undergo analysis for fear they will find something wrong. Now, then, are you sure you want your granddaughter genomed?† â€Å"Yes, I do. It is terribly important.† â€Å"Why? Does she show signs of a metabolic anomaly?† â€Å"No, she doesn’t. Rather the reverse-if I knew the antonym of ‘anomaly.’ I consider her a most unusual person and I want to know just what it is that makes her unusual.† â€Å"Unusual in what way?† â€Å"Mentally, but it’s impossible for me to go into details, since I don’t entirely understand it. Maybe I will, once she is genomed.† â€Å"How old is she?† â€Å"Twelve. She’ll soon be thirteen.† â€Å"In that case, I’ll need permission from her parents.† Seldon cleared his throat. â€Å"That may be difficult to get. I’m her grandfather. Wouldn’t my permission be enough?† â€Å"For me, certainly. But, you know, we’re talking about the law. I don’t wish to lose my license to practice.† It was necessary for Seldon to approach Raych again. This, too, was difficult, as he protested once more that he and his wife, Manella, wanted Wanda to live a normal life of a normal girl. What if her genome did turn out to be abnormal? Would she be whisked away to be prodded and probed like a laboratory specimen? Would Hari, in his fanatical devotion to his Psychohistory Project, press Wanda into a life of all work and no play, shutting her off from other young people her age? But Seldon was insistent. â€Å"Trust me, Raych. I would never do anything to harm Wanda. But this must be done. I need to know Wanda’s genome. If it is as I suspect it is, we may be on the verge of altering the course of psychohistory, of the future of the Galaxy itself!† And so Raych was persuaded and somehow he obtained Manella’s consent, as well. And together, the three adults took Wanda to Dr. Endelecki’s office. Mian Endelecki greeted them at the door. Her hair was a shining white, but her face showed no sign of age. She looked at the girl, who walked in with a look of curiosity on her face but with no signs of apprehension or fear. She then turned her gaze to the three adults who had accompanied Wanda. Dr. Endelecki said with a smile, â€Å"Mother, father, and grandfather-am I right?† Seldon answered, â€Å"Absolutely right.† Raych looked hang-dog and Manella, her face a little swollen and her eyes a little red, looked tired. â€Å"Wanda,† began the doctor. â€Å"That is your name, isn’t it?† â€Å"Yes, ma’am,† said Wanda in her clear voice. â€Å"I’m going to tell you exactly what I’m going to do with you. You’re right-handed, I suppose.† â€Å"Yes, ma’am.† â€Å"Very well, then, I’ll spray a little patch on your left forearm with an anesthetic. It will just feel like a cool wind. Nothing else. I’ll then scrape a little skin from you just a tiny bit. There’ll be no pain, no blood, no mark afterward. When I’m done, I’ll spray a little disinfectant on it. The whole thing will take just a few minutes. Does that sound all right to you?† â€Å"Sure,† said Wanda, as she held out her arm. When it was over, Dr. Endelecki said, â€Å"I’ll put the scraping under the microscope, choose a decent cell, and put my computerized gene analyzer to work. It will mark off every last nucleotide, but there are billions of them. It will probably take the better part of a day. It’s all automatic, of course, so I won’t be sitting here watching it and there’s no point in your doing so, either. â€Å"Once the genome is prepared, it will take an even longer time to analyze it. If you want a complete job, it may take a couple of weeks. That is why it’s so expensive a procedure. The work is hard and long. I’ll call you in when I have it.† She turned away, as if she had dismissed the family, and busied herself with the gleaming apparatus on the table in front of her. Seldon said, â€Å"If you come across anything unusual, will you get in touch with me instantly? I mean, don’t wait for a complete analysis if you find something in the first hour. Don’t make me wait.† â€Å"The chances of finding anything in the first hour are very slim, but I promise you, Professor Seldon that I will be in touch with you at once if it seems necessary.† Manella snatched Wanda’s arm and led her off triumphantly. Raych followed, feet dragging. Seldon lingered and said, â€Å"This is more important than you know, Dr. Endelecki.† Dr. Endelecki nodded as she said, â€Å"Whatever the reason, Professor, I’ll do my best.† Seldon left, his lips pressed tightly together. Why he had thought that somehow the genome would be worked out in five minutes and that a glance at it in another five minutes would give him an answer, he did not know. Now he would have to wait for weeks, without knowing what would be found. He ground his teeth. Would his newest brainchild, the Second Foundation, ever be established or was it an illusion that would remain always just out of reach? 7 Hari Seldon walked into Dr. Endelecki’s office, a nervous smile on his face. He said, â€Å"You said a couple of weeks, Doctor. It’s been over a month mow.† Dr. Endelecki nodded. â€Å"I’m sorry, Professor Seldon but you wanted everything exact and that is what I have tried to do.† â€Å"Well?† The look of anxiety on Seldon’s face did not disappear. What did you find?† â€Å"A hundred or so defective genes.† â€Å"What! Defective genes. Are you serious, Doctor?† â€Å"Quite serious. Why not? There are no genomes without at least a hundred defective genes; usually there are considerably more. It’s not as bad as it sounds, you know.† â€Å"No, I don’t know. You’re the expert, Doctor, not I.† Dr. Endelecki sighed and stirred in her chair. â€Å"You don’t know anything about genetics, do you, Professor?† â€Å"No, I don’t. A man can’t know everything.† â€Å"You’re perfectly right. I know nothing about this-what do you call it?-this psychohistory of yours.† Dr. Endelecki shrugged, then continued. â€Å"If you wanted to explain anything about it, you would be forced to start from the beginning and I would probably not understand it even so. â€Å"Now, as to genetics-â€Å" â€Å"Well?† â€Å"An imperfect gene usually means nothing. There are imperfect genes-so imperfect and so crucial that they produce terrible disorders. These are very rare, though. Most imperfect genes simply don’t work with absolute accuracy. They’re like wheels that are slightly out of balance. A vehicle will move along, trembling a bit, but it will move along.† â€Å"Is that what Wanda has?† â€Å"Yes. More or less. After all, if all genes were perfect, we would all look precisely the same, we would all behave precisely the same. It’s the difference in genes that makes for different people.† â€Å"But won’t it get worse as we grow older?† â€Å"Yes. We all get worse as we grow older. I noticed you limping when you came in. Why is that?† â€Å"A touch of sciatica,† muttered Seldon. â€Å"Did you have it all your life?† â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"Well, some of your genes have gotten worse with time and now you limp.† â€Å"And what will happen to Wanda with time?† â€Å"I don’t know. I can’t predict the future, Professor; I believe that is your province. However, if I were to hazard a guess, I would say that nothing unusual will happen to Wanda-at least, genetically-except the gathering of old age.† Seldon said, â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"You have to take my word for it. You wanted to find out about Wanda’s genome and you ran the risk of discovering things perhaps it is better not to know. But I tell you that, in my opinion, I can see nothing terrible happening to her.† â€Å"The imperfect genes-should we fix them? Can we fix them?† â€Å"No. In the first place, it would be very expensive. Secondly, the chances are that they would not stay fixed. And finally, people are against it. â€Å"But why?† â€Å"Because they’re against science in general. You should know this as well as anyone, Professor. I’m afraid the situation is such, especially since Cleon’s death, that mysticism has been gaining ground. People don’t believe in fixing genes scientifically. They would rather cure things by the laying on of hands or by mumbo-jumbo of some sort or other. Frankly it is extremely difficult for me to continue with my job. Very little funding is coming in.† Seldon nodded. â€Å"Actually I understand this situation all too well. Psychohistory explains it, but I honestly didn’t think the situation was growing so bad so rapidly. I’ve been too involved in my own work to see the difficulties all around me.† He sighed. â€Å"I’ve been watching the Galactic Empire slowly fall apart for over thirty years now-and now that it’s beginning to collapse much more rapidly, I don’t see how we can stop it in time.† â€Å"Are you trying to?† Dr. Endelecki seemed amused. â€Å"Yes, I am.† â€Å"Lots of luck. About your sciatica. You know, fifty years ago it could have been cured. Not now, though.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Well, the devices used for it are gone; the people who could have handled them are working on other things. Medicine is declining.† â€Å"Along with everything else,† mused Seldon. â€Å"But let’s get back to Wanda. I feel she is a most unusual young woman with a brain that is different from most. What do her genes tell you about her brain?† Dr. Endelecki leaned back in her chair. â€Å"Professor Seldon do you know just how many genes are involved in brain function?† â€Å"No. â€Å"I’ll remind you that, of all the aspects of the human body, the brain function is the most intricate. In fact, as far as we know, there is nothing in the Universe as intricate as the human brain. So you won’t be surprised when I tell you that there are thousands of genes that each play a role in brain function.† â€Å"Thousands?† â€Å"Exactly. And it is impossible to go through those genes and see anything specifically unusual. I will take your word for it, as far as Wanda is concerned. She is an unusual girl with an unusual brain, but I see nothing in her genes that can tell me anything about that brain-except, of course, that it is normal.† â€Å"Could you find other people whose genes for mental functioning are like Wanda’s, that have the same brain pattern?† â€Å"I doubt it very much. Even if another brain were much like hers, there would still be enormous differences in the genes. No use looking for similarities. Tell me, Professor, just what is it about Wanda that makes you think her brain is so unusual?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"I’m sorry. It’s not something I can discuss.† â€Å"In that case, I am certain that I can find out nothing for you. How did you discover that there was something unusual about her brain-this thing you can’t discuss?† â€Å"Accident,† muttered Seldon. â€Å"Sheer accident.† â€Å"In that case, you’re going to have to find other brains like hers-also by accident. Nothing else can be done.† Silence settled over both of them. Finally Seldon said, â€Å"Is there anything else you can tell me?† â€Å"I’m afraid not. Except that I’ll send you my bill.† Seldon rose with an effort. His sciatica hurt him badly. â€Å"Well then, thank you, Doctor. Send the bill and I’ll pay it.† Hari Seldon left the doctor’s office, wondering just what he would do next. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 23, Essay examples

Slum Regeneration in Sheffield

Introduction Like many cities across the world, the presence of slums in Sheffield has presented challenges to the authorities and different efforts have been made to address the situation in different ways. The slum menace began in Sheffield in the middle of the 18th Century as the city’s population expanded and reached 10,000 people (Greenwood, 2010, para 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slum Regeneration in Sheffield specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several slum regeneration programmes have been generated since the 18th century in order to eliminate the slums from the within the city’s jurisdiction. The first slum regeneration plan was adopted in 1860 (Greenwood, 2010, para 1), with its main target being to improve the life of the city’s inhabitants who had been living under the squalid conditions. Sheffield City, however, suffered subsequent challenges following increase in its populat ion, especially following the industrialisation era of the 19th century. This paper seeks to elaborately analyse and report on the series of slum regeneration programmes that have been held in the city of Sheffield since the early 20th century to the present date. First Phase of Development Sheffield’s expansion towards the end of the 18th century saw the city encroach outside the township boundary. This resulted into previous open fields being turned into residential areas. These open fields were referred to as crofts. The total population had risen to more than 30,000 inhabitants (Greenworld, 2010, para 1), with the crofts being turned into both residential, as well as industrial activity areas where cutlery manufacturing was the predominant practice. Pressure began to mount as the crofts were singled out as dens of immorality, especially involving the young people. Death rates among the inhabitants soured as the living conditions and general hygiene deteriorated, with ever y four children born in the area failing to see their first birthdays. This prompted reformers to identify the need for improving the slum conditions as a remedy for the poor conditions of living. Demolitions were sanctioned and began from 1898, lasting through to 1899. Three crofts were singled out for demolition during the first phase. These included Hawley Croft, School Croft, and Sims Croft. The first slum regeneration programme saw the introduction of three-storey modern housing. The new project began in 1903/1904, and is what is presently known as Hawley and Townhead Street housing. The housing project was the first rental property that were developed by the local council (Greenworld, 2010, para 1).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second Phase of Demolition The second phase of the demolitions affected the remaining slum areas, mainly Lee Croft. The demolitions continued up to 1907. A section of the area that was previously Lee Croft was developed into present day northern Hawley Street junction with both Lee Croft and Campo Lane. The original Lee Croft area was never fully developed following the demolition, with a significant section of the area remaining under developed (Greenworld, 2010, para 3). The Alexandra Skating Rink was developed in 1909 on the area that remained underdeveloped following Lee Croft’s demolitions. The 19th and 20th Centuries The 19th century brought with it new challenges to Sheffield authorities and the inhabitants of the city. The increased pace of industrialisation that peaked particularly during the second half of the 19th century saw an increase in population as workers moved into the city in search of job opportunities. The rapidly growing population was putting pressure on the available housing units, thereby increasing demand for accommodation units. The population pressure led to a deterioration of the exis ting housing conditions, particularly the sanitary provisions as well as the general health situation. Similar challenges that had faced the first slum settlements in the city emerged, with death rates increasing to between 20 and 26 for every 1,000 inhabitants. Equally, the infant mortality rate soured to between 153 and 179 deaths for every 1,000 deaths. The population density, particularly in the lower Park district, rose to between 100 and 400 people on every acre of land. This prompted plans to demolish buildings around the lower Park district in order to address the deteriorating situation.  Sheffield City’s population had surpassed the 400,000 mark by the turn of the 20th century (Lambert, n.d., para 20). Growth in population was further influenced by the extension of the city’s boundaries to include Wadsley and Handsworth. Further boundary alterations in 1935 included the addition of Beauchief, Greenhill, Totley, and Dore to be included under the city’ s jurisdiction (Lambert, n.d., para 23). A new challenge was once again faced by the authorities in the city as growth of slums became a menace. The 1920’s and 1930’s witnessed difficult moments for the city, with Sheffield being a heavily industrialised centre and a significant section of the population being workers employed in the industries. The end of the First World War in 1918 affected the city’s and indeed the entire country’s economy negatively (Mearns, n.d., para 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slum Regeneration in Sheffield specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economy entered into a recession, with the industries lacking business to sustain their activities. The unemployment rate soured, meaning that many residents lacked sufficient income to afford decent lifestyles and accommodation. However, Sheffield City authorities also begun a massive programme in 1934 that aimed at conducting large-scale slum clearance. The era witnessed the building of decent and modernised council houses to replace the slum areas that had been cleared (Lambert, n.d., para 23). The period between the First and Second World Wars was short-lived and Sheffield was to suffer the consequences yet again. As the council worked towards establishing modern housing and eliminating slum areas, up to 3,000 housing units were destroyed following a bombardment of the city by German forces (Visitor UK 2013, para 8). The housing situation was affected significantly as the council still struggled with the pressure on housing units. Slum clearance started after the end of the Second World War, with the actual programme beginning in the 1950s through to the 1960s. The council built new houses in estates such as Gleadless Valley, council flats at Hyde Park and Park Hill (Yorkshire Film Archive, 2011, para 1). The problem of population growth between the 1950s and 1960s persisted with the ent ry of immigrants from Western India and other Asian communities into Sheffield.  A 1937 Development Plan that included the development of flats was later in the year abandoned after the authorities thought that this kind of housing would not be probable as a normal housing method (Lambert, n.d., para 24). A second interim report in 1941 on the city’s planning by the Town Planning Assembly identified the need to undertake a redevelopment scheme of the areas including Duke Street, as well as the City Road. However, the plan did not mention the particular form that the redevelopment would adopt (Lambert, n.d., para 25). Response from the Council In 1930, the council authorities agreed to the fact that the worsening living conditions in the city were being influenced by limited housing units that could not accommodate the population demand. The Estates Committee issued a report in September 1930, promising to increase up to 1,250 new housing units annually.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report also suggested the introduction of a Clearance and Improvement proposal whose main objective would be to eliminate at least 500 housing units that were declared as unfit. This was in accordance with the Housing Act of 1930 (Parliament n.d., para 3). Up to 500 new housing units would be provided to accommodate the people who had been displaced. Recommendations in the report involved adoption of new practices that had been included in the new Housing Act. The Sheffield Council committed itself to considering housing conditions that existed in the area, with plans to issue proposals to the Ministry of Health after every five years beginning in 1930. The Council consequently established clearance schemes, where property would be compulsorily purchased and demolished for purposes of creating room for the development of new buildings. An example of the scheme includes the present day flats and maisonettes that sit on the piece of land bounded by Bernard Street, Broad Street, Du ke Street, as well as Old Street and Bard Street. The scheme targeted housing up to 290 families, following its recommendation to the Estates Committee (Sheffield City Council 2010, p 5).  The new projects introduced in Sheffield had been copied from other similar projects in London and Liverpool. Sheffield authority officials, including the mayor and the chief architecture, made visits to London in mid 1934 as part of a fact-finding mission to inspect buildings that had been developed under the 1923, 1924, as well as 1930 Housing Acts (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 7). John Rennie, Sheffield’s City Council Medical Officer of Health influenced the compulsory acquisition and demolition program. In November 1933, the officer recommended that the council should demolish buildings to pave way for the Duke/Bard/Benard Street scheme. In 1935, John Rennie made further Representations to the council, which would later influence the reconstructions of properties on Long Henry Stre et, South Street, Colliers Row, Stafford Street, Lord Street, Hague Lane, Anson Street, as well as Gilbert Street and Norwich Street. The Park Hill flats, as they stand today, occupy the areas that these streets criss-crossed in the past. G. C. Craven, Sheffield City Planning Officer prepared a report in November 1936 that further pointed at the problem of housing density around Central Scheme (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 6). This particular report specifically noted other challenges, including width of streets, existing services, adequate air and light, open spaces, as well as the height above the sea level in the case of residential buildings, as some of the immediate issues that needed redress. The planning officer emphasised on the need to undertake wholesale redevelopment in order to finish a single complete scheme. The idea did not favour the establishment of storey buildings that exceeded 5 storeys (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 6). Multi-Story Building Option Subsequen t reports and minutes by the Sheffield City Council immediately after the Second World War identify a gradual focus on multi-storey form of housing. The authorities had banked on the experience witnessed in other cities’ architectural forms both within and outside the country. On the 28th of April 1949, the committee on housing at the council decided to build multi-story flats that would require to be serviced by lifts. Sheffield’s authority representatives sought to carry inspections in other cities, mainly in London and the Scandinavian countries, to ascertain how similar programmes could be replicated in the city. The multi-storey building project gathered momentum at the beginning of the 1950’s as a report by the Planning Committee of the town identified the need for the city to have an addition of 79,000 new houses (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 10). The new inclusion, however, would still leave Sheffield City with a requirement of 55,000 more houses to c ater fully for the population. The report took note of the over 12,000 housing units that had suffered destruction following the World War II, as well as an additional 7,000 units that had been declared unfit for occupation by the Medical Officer of Health during the period between 1939 and 1947 (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 10). The report, taken as an Extension Bill for Sheffield, suggested the need to have good and consistent planning in order to address the huge overspill. The plan was to take place in the areas within the city centre, as well as the industrial areas in order to retain the city’s initial population figure.  The plan to establish multi-storey buildings continued further as city representatives and officials visited several other European countries to establish the measures they had put into place after the World War II. Compulsory Purchase Orders were recommended in a bid by the authorities in the city to repossess the entire areas that were bounded b y Duke Street lane, Anson Street, South Street, as well as Henry Street. This measure aimed at providing new modernised housing accommodation for the city’s inhabitants. The Housing Committee eventually approved the multi-storey building scheme in March 1955, further approving a recommendation to redevelop the Park Hill area. Early estimates at the time indicated that the Park Hill redevelopment scheme, previously known as Duke Street area, would result in 2,000 new housing units. This would have provided an extra 1,200 new housing units that would comfortably allow the city authorities to demolish another 800 units that had been earmarked for demolition to pave way for further regeneration (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 11). The report emphasised on the need for the multi-storey development project to be pursued towards realising the council’s goal basing on the figures that the planning department had availed. The Park Hill redevelopment project became the first to benefit from the report’s findings following its approval in August 1955 (Sheffield City Council 2010, p. 8). Other areas that were developed include Netherthorpe, Burngreave, as well as Pitmoor. These areas comprise of Woodslide Lane. Park Hill redevelopment targeted a demolition of up to 369 housing units, among them 271 redhouses. The demolitions were intended to pave room for the establishment of public open space. The council earmarked an additional 282 units that were identified as being unfit for habitation together with another 63 fit units, all of which were to be acquired under Compulsory Purchase Orders. The building scheme was undertaken in three phases, with the first two programmes having their planning permission issued within the first half of 1956. The first phase was planned to have 990 dwellings that would be developed in four blocks of between four and thirteen storeys. The area under which this development was to be undertaken included the section bounde d by Duke Street, Anson Street, and the Southern Street that overlooks Sheffield’s railway station. The second phase was to be completed in two stages, where two three-storey terraces were to be built amounting to 152 units. The project was to stretch from the eastern side of Bernard Street all the way to covering the northern part. The second section of the second phase involved 1,160 units housed in four blocks, with the least containing five storeys while the highest having up to nineteen storeys. The new redevelopment programmed was officially referred to as the Park Hill Redevelopment Scheme. However, this later changed in May 1961 following the City Council of Sheffield’s decision to rename it as Hyde Park Estate. Sections of the development that were terraced were officially renamed as Hyde Park Terrace and Hyde Park Walk respectively. Refurbishment and Rebirth Demolitions were executed on the largest Hyde Park blocks in the beginning of the 1990’s (Meinh old, 2011, para 1). The remaining sections of the block were refurbished in order to be used to offer accommodation for participants who took part in the 1991 edition of the World Student Games. Sheffield City Council further formulated a plan that aimed at refurbishing Park Hill estate. The authorities were to undertake the program in cooperation with English Partnerships. The thirteen-storey block had its tenants evacuated by the end of 2003 to enable the refurbishments to take place.  In October 2007, an artist’s plan to undertake the refurbishment was approved. The plan included a proposal to have 257 flats available for sale. Up to 56 flats were to be rented out, with 12 others being prepared for a sharing project. Conclusion Urban centres and cities across the world have traditionally grappled with an upsurge of slum areas, which are mainly characterised by overpopulation, poor sanitation services, and lack of modernised amenities. Sheffield City experienced the first existence of slum houses towards the end of the 17th century as the city grew gradually. Population growth forced the city’s expansion to exceed its initial boundaries, with areas that remained plain fields in the past experiencing an upsurge of informal settlements. These areas included Hawley Croft, School Croft, and Sims Croft. The worsening conditions of living prompted authorities in the city to schedule plans for the first ever slum regeneration in the city. However, the 19th and 20th centuries posed more challenges to the city authorities as growth in population was hastened by industrialisation during the time. The pressure and demand for housing made the city authorities sanction for more slum regeneration programmes to eliminate the sub-standard housing, while at the same time replacing them with modernised housing units. The World War I affected the program by creating a recession that affected industries in the city, causing unemployment amongst its residents. Th e unemployment denied residents the financial power to afford decent housing, thus creating room for growth and expansion of slums. In World War II, the Sheffield housing suffered greater consequences as up to 3,000 housing units were destroyed following bombardments by the German forces. List of References Greenwood, A 2010, Local history: Clearing the slums and the start of the Sheffield jungle, viewed on http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/jungle/index3c1.html Lambert, T n.d., A brief history of Sheffield, England, viewed on http://www.localhistories.org/sheffield.html Mearns, N n.d., Rural village to Suburbia, viewed on http://www.mearnshistory.org.uk/Village.html Meinhold, B 2011, Massive Park Hill Post-War project being regenerated into a colorful and bright housing complex, viewed on http://inhabitat.com/massive-park-hill-post-war-slum-being-regenerated-into-a-colorful-and-bright-housing-complex/ Parliament n.d. Living heritage: Improving towns, viewed on http://www.parliament.uk/ about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/councilhousing/ Sheffield City Council 2010, Sources for the study of Park Hill and Hyde Park Flats, pp 4-48, viewed on https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/dms/scc/management/corporate-communications/documents/leisure-culture/libraries-copyright/publications/Park-Hill-and-Hyde-Park-Study-Guide–PDF–1-63-MB-.pdf Sheffield City Council 2013, Compulsory Purchase Orders, viewed on https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/legal-services/legal-orders/compulsory-purchase-orders.html Visitor UK 2013, Timeline history of Sheffield, http://www.visitoruk.com/Sheffield/20th-century-T1597.html Yorkshire Film Archive 2011, Park Hill Housing Project, viewed on http://www.yfaonline.com/film/park-hill-housing-project This essay on Slum Regeneration in Sheffield was written and submitted by user Crystal Carson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John Locke and Private Property essays

John Locke and Private Property essays John Locke believes that man has a right to private property. According to Locke, God gave man this plentiful earth, with all of its plants and animals, to work on and nourish our bodies with. God gave us this earth to make use of it to the best advantage of life, and convenience (135). Since our bodies are properly ours, the labour of his [our] body is also properly ours, so whatsoever then he removes out of the state... thereby makes it his property (136). Locke is very clear and concise on this premise. Locke then describes why it is just for individuals to claim parts of Gods gift to all of man in common (135). Locke explains that the labor involved in removing things out of its state of nature puts a distinction between them and common (136). Therefore, he explains, it is the taking any part of what is common, and removing it out of the state of nature leaves it in, which begins the property (136). In short, labor creates property. However, this same theory also limits the amount of property one can have. Since God gave us the earth to use to the best advantage of life, anyone who lets the land perish and rot has offended against the common law of nature (140). Therefore, one can only possess as much land as they can cultivate and use, without wasting anything. Locke does point out, however, that giving things away, or trading them, before they perish is permissible. However, Locke explains that the agreement to use money changes this natural limitation. Money is not like fruit, crops or cattle, because it cannot perish: Money knows no limit (135). Therefore, there is no limit to the private wealth we can accumulate as long as we trade our perishable goods for that imperishable store of value, money (135). Lockes theory is very well thought out. However, in terms of money, ...

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"What gets measured gets managed.† And he was right. When you  have numbers and data, you  study them; you  wonder how you can make them better, especially if they involve sales. And in the world of content marketing, measuring blogging productivity has become a critical piece of any strategy that results in visits, return visits, lead generation, and, ultimately, conversion. The marketing performance metrics- or tools you  use to measure the value of the content you  write- have become quite sophisticated. And you  can use  them to inform all of the decisions you  make about the content on your blog. This is exciting stuff to help you reach your goals and improve  the content youre already publishing. Lets take a look! How To Crush Your Goals With Marketing Performance Metrics via @AndyPreislerBonus! Get your free Google Analytics dashboard  custom-built to complement this post to help you quickly spot many of these marketing performance metrics at a glance. It's complete with tons of links to related reports to explore your data even more in-depth to help you understand how your marketing is performing today and how you can improve your blog. Begin With Your Marketing Goals You users are publishing content because you have big goals to reach.  Figure out  your general marketing goals first, something like: Grow your trafficGrow your leadsGrow your customer base Once you have your foundation- the understanding of what you want to achieve with your marketing- you can then look into the  marketing performance metrics that will guide you toward actual data you will use to measure those goals. A super effective and easy way to define your goals is with the SMART goal setting process: Specific: What, when, and why.Measurable: This is where your marketing performance metrics come in to help you know when you accomplish your goal.Attainable: Requirements necessary to achieve your goal.Realistic: Acknowledge the road blocks that would prevent you from reaching the goal.Time-sensitive: Start and (most importantly) end dates. So, a format like this is what you're looking for: Beginning, January 1, 2016, we will increase our blog and website traffic to 1 million monthly page views by December 1, 2016, to help marketers plan better content while establishing ourselves as  an authority in our niche. The rest of this guide will walk you through choosing the marketing performance metrics you’ll use to measure your progress toward your goals. Recommended Reading:  How To Leverage Your Best Content To Meet Your Marketing Goals Understand The Basic Marketing Performance Metrics Your content creator should be an expert in two things: Creative and engaging writing.Using  analytics tools to measure the effectiveness of content that is created and published on your blog that will help you reach your goals. The basic metrics are all available through Google Analytics, a free tool that will provide huge amounts of data and deep insight into how your  content is really doing. Pro Tip: Setting up Google Analytics is pretty easy. Just follow this handy guide brought to you by the search engine itself. These are all about quantity and can be used to tell a big story in the following ways: Users: This number is a total of how many separate visitors come to your blog over a set period of time. The same visitor is not counted twice. This is the first step in a longer process of analyzing what you are doing right and wrong- the more, the better.Number of pageviews: Once a visitor lands on your blog, are they accessing other pages of your site from your blog? This is important information to have because it demonstrates that a visitor is impressed enough with a post to then check out your site as well.Bounce rate: When someone visits your blog and opens a post, do they stay or do they bounce out within the first 10 seconds? If the number is high, at least the first part of that post content is  not what they expected to see- an opportunity for you to improve.Inbound links: How many visitors are coming in from outside places via an external link? This means people think your content is important enough that they have provided a link to it in something they have written. All of these metrics give you important data that should tell you if your posts are doing the job or not. And Google Analytics does a great job of generating this kind of data for you, although some content marketers use other tools that may go a bit deeper, such as Whoopra or Clicky. The data should tell you specific things.  Low traffic and low â€Å"staying power†- as seen through pageviews and bounce rate- means that your content may need  a major facelift. Either you are not capturing visitors with your titles and first 100 words, or the content in the remainder of the post is not engaging them enough to stay, read, and, ultimately, share. On the other side, if traffic is good and there is high â€Å"staying power† and movement from a post to other pages, you have a winner. The content is good and is well suited to be  repurposed and recycled. Recommended Reading: 3 Hidden Google Analytics Reports To Help You Understand Your AudienceHow To Unlock Quality Content From Your Low-Performing Posts Create Better Content With Audience Performance Metrics These metrics are often called the â€Å"feel good† or â€Å"vanity† measurements. It’s nice to see good numbers of views and comments, because you feel like  other awesome folks appreciate your content. Yay for us! Numbers of views within a set period of time:  Track the number of views (usually in a month), along with the amount of time spent once a post is opened. You could also combine the number of comments a post receives or the decline of views as a post ages.Comments per views:  If, for example, you are getting a comment for every 50 views of a post, you have a winner. That content should be used again, in a different way.Views vs. users: You will also want to know who among your visitors are unique repeat visitors. The repeat visitor number is an important one, because research shows that conversions often come from visitors who view between 5–9 times. These people are highly active- the visitors you have managed to engage well. It's a solid goal to increase the numbers of your  highly engaged audience. You can determine the type of content they enjoy and plan for more of it by analyzing the posts that your highly engaged visitors view.Number of shares per article:  When you get the data on share numbers from each post, and even better, to which social media sites those shares are going, you have some pretty valuable information. Now you can choose the networks where you may want to expand your presence because your audience is clearly using certain networks more than others. It also gives you  an understanding of what content is the most popular  so you can replicate your success. Your marketing calendar shows you which blog posts are getting the most shares right in your top posts page. shows the social shares for every blog post you publish. Find ways to build upon the popular  blog posts you publish that  generate tons of long views and comments, and engage your visitors. You could possibly: Publish  new posts covering related ideas.Repurpose the blog posts  into different media.Optimize that existing content with better graphics  to increase time on page.Add  downloads  into your posts to convert that traffic  into email subscribers. Google Analytics does a fine job of generating vanity data, although some marketers prefer to use Mint, a tool that can also tell you from where your viewers are coming. A Word Of Caution: There is a growing group of content marketing experts who believe that bloggers spend too much time (and money) and give too much importance to vanity metrics analysis. Jason Amunwa is the director of products at Filament, who warns: Vanity metrics do nothing for your actual website objectives, but make your marketing efforts look good. This is problematic, because oftentimes they siphon effort and focus away from the things that could really move the needle for you. Engagement metrics tell you what content is truly performing for you, what’s just â€Å"meh†, and what’s ripe for enrichment and optimization;  in short, engagement metrics tell you where the real opportunities are for growth. Consider  your vanity audience metrics as a learning tool to understand what is popular to create better content. That said, if your main goal is to grow your customer base, let conversions be the metric that influences your content creation process the most. Recommended Reading:  What Really Is Your Social Media ROI? Optimize For Conversion With  Content Performance Metrics This is the truly actionable part of your marketing performance metrics, because you will get invaluable information about how your blog is doing and what you specifically need to do to improve your blogging productivity. Check out three types of marketing performance metrics for your content- content life, content engagement, and content conversions. Content Life (Longevity) Every post has a shelf life. You need to track this so you know how long each post continues to receive views. How many views do you get the first 6 hours, the first day, the first week, and the first month? And what times and days are are you getting the most views?  With the right analytics, you can understand  the longevity of individual posts and an average longevity of all of your posts combined. This kind of information can drive your decisions about what content ideas work well and how to flesh out your blog schedule and social media promotion: Which posts are the most popular? The style and content is obviously right, so you will want to mimic that as much as possible.Which posts are the least popular? You know what style and content not to post again.Which posts have the greatest longevity? Is there a particular common aspect of those? Do you have embedded videos, infographics, etc. on those with a longer shelf life? Again, this tells you what to mimic in future posts.What is your average longevity number?  Your average longevity number is the number of days your posts typically have a lot of interaction before fading. If  your posts  are getting the most views within the first three days, and then viewership is dropping off, you know you need to post every three  days to keep your  blog filled with fresh content. Alternatively, you could use  a tool like to share your content more on social media to extend the life of your content. You can use these Google Analytics reports to understand when you are getting the most pageviews, visits, and leads to help you publish  and share content at the best times when your audience is most engaged. Do you look at content longevity? The metric can help you plan  a better #blogschedule.Recommended Reading: When Is The Best Time To Publish A Blog Post?What 10 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media Content Engagement Part of evaluating engagement, of course, includes some of the vanity metrics you just learned about. How many comments and shares are you getting? High numbers indicate that your viewers are actually taking the time to check out  your entire post and are so  engaged that they want to comment or to share that content with others. Which  types of media  complement your posts the best?  So you're blogging, but you're probably including different types of content into your posts. When you share that advanced media like infographics and videos to your social networks, what is performing better for your audience?  This kind of information will tell you which types of posts you want to link to which social media.Measure the time spent on each post by each visitor. If a visitor stays 3 minutes or more, that visitor will most likely return, and studies show that you need to capture a visitor within the first 10 seconds if they're going to stay. If you're getting lots of bounces within that first 10 seconds, you need to do something about your headlines  and your blog post introductions.  You can also get data on whether a visitor is actively engaged with your content or whether the page is open by sitting on a background tab right in Google Analytics.Are viewers scrolling through other posts  after they spend time reading one? This is clearly engagement, and the longer they spend doing this, the more likely they are to come back again. And if you really want to dig deeper, you can track the specific posts a visitor views and collect data on that, so that you know which posts of the past are still piquing interest- review that content and see how you can repurpose it. Personalized content is trending now, so this is a great way to prepare for it!Viewer Loyalty: Google Analytics calls this â€Å"frequency† or â€Å"recency.† How often does the same viewer come and how many days before they come back? Chartbeat  conducted a loyalty study and found that anyone who comes 5 times in a month will keep returning regularly after that.Recommended Reading: 4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Content Conversions Conversions are any action  you want a viewer to take, whether that is a sale or an action that may funnel that conversion to an eventual sale. You need to know the percentage of visitors that take some action after having been on your blog- giving an email address signing up for a newsletter, taking a free trial, etc. Lead generation metrics: Are they converting before they read your content or afterward? This will tell you if your posts are productive or not. If conversions are occurring after your content is read, your inbound blog posts are doing their job.Sales generation metrics: If specific content is generating purchases on the part of viewers, you will know that you want to get that type of content into as many posts as possible. Google Goal Analytics can give you great data through conversion reports, and these are pretty critical, because, after all, marketing exists for one purpose- to sell. Create your goals in Google Analytics now: Create, edit, and share goalsCreate and customize dashboards You can request conversion rates per page on your entire site, which will include your blog, and then compare the percent  of conversions for each page. And, if you dig deeper, you can get a report that shows the page that was the original view of that conversion. If you find that a healthy percentage of conversions begin with a view of a blog post, then these posts are paying off well. If you have lots of views, comments, and shares but not a good conversion rate, then all you have are vanity views. Analytics tools are sophisticated, rather amazing, and can really help you make some big  decisions about  your blog content. Turning your marketing performance  metrics into actionable ways to improve your blog will help you create better content and focus that content on achieving your goals.

Company financial accounting and reporting is regulated by a variety Essay

Company financial accounting and reporting is regulated by a variety of sources - Essay Example All the listed companies were asked to follow these accounting standards for maintaining their accounting transaction and developing financial reports. These accounting standards were introduced to enhance credibility and reliability of the financial statement developed by the listed companies of a nation. These accounting standards assisted the accountants and auditors to resolve different controversies related to different accounting practices. Even the managers consider these accounting policies while developing various strategies and policies to be followed by the company. Like other developed nation, the accounting standards were formulated in UK in early 1980s. People identified the necessity of a well structured accounting standard that assures â€Å"relevance, reliability, comparability and understand-ability† in the financial report that is developed by the listed companies (Kirk, 2005, p.9). In UK, the accounting standards are popularly known as Financial Reporting Standards (FRS). These FRS were developed by Accounting Standards Boards (ASB) and all the listed companies are required to adhere to these standards so that a true and fair picture of the companies’ financial condition can be represented. Prior to 1990, the accounting standards were developed by Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) which was later replaced with Accounting Standards Boards (ASB). In the first meeting of ASB, it formally accepted all the accounting standards prevailing in UK GAAP. With time, this board introduced few new standards and modified many existing standards. In UK, the four main constituents responsible for development and maintenance of accounting standards are Financial Reporting council (FRC), The Accounting Standards Board (ASB), Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF) and The Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP). FRC is

Analysis of the book Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas Essay

Analysis of the book Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas - Essay Example Dumas, through the book, has shown that the way people perceive things and act and react to incidents regarding different cultures and values, holds the key to adjustment in a foreign land. The book is a collection of author’s experiences from her childhood to her adulthood in Southern California and is written in a language which is able to handle serious issues with simplicity and in a highly funny manner. The book is a collection of anecdotes of the author’s growing years in Southern California in the 70s. She had come here in 1972 with her family, initially comprising of her parents and brothers and who were later joined by other family members like uncle, aunt and cousins. Despite his education in America, her father was not much familiar with his host country and neither he nor other members of his family were well versed in English. But the language was not an insurmountable barrier for Dumas family because they tackled such issues with humor and really enjoyed the learning process which taught them how to overcome cross cultural issues and live in a multicultural society with harmony and peace. The book has been divided into 12 chapters where the author has given account of her different experiences and the titles of her experiences are succinct and give a hint of the experience in that area. Leffingwell Elementary School, Hot Dogs and Wild Geese, Save Me Mickey, Swoosh Swoosh, etc. prepare the readers for her unique experiences which are recounted with funny bylines and wit that leaves a smile on their faces. Indeed Dumas has shown that laughing at oneself is not only healthy but can turn out to be the best tool to conquer the manmade barriers like language, race, religion and other cross cultural issues. ‘It was the Promised Land. For me, it was where I could buy more outfits for Barbie’, indeed, such expressions are designed to send the message that one needs to take the serious issues with a little blasà ©

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay The aim of this essay is to explore the concept of communication within nursing. Communication is often seen as a verbal act, however, this essay will explore the various other means in which people communicate, and attempt to apply them to a clinical setting. It will also explain how important communication is when establishing the nurse, patient relationship, and how bad communication skills can result in a breakdown in that relationship. Finally, a reflection will be written on an aspect of communication that took place during a clinical placement. This will be used to highlight how good or bad communication techniques can impact upon the patient and hence inhibit or aid the rehabilitation process. Over recent years, the role of a nurse has changed considerably. According to Kenworthy et al (2002) the nurse no longer treats a patient who is ill, but treats the person who happens to have an illness. Nursing has taken on a more holistic approach, and patients are seen more as whole beings (Jones 1998). Not only are their medical histories examined, but their social being and their lifestyle are taken into consideration when planning and implementing treatment (Kenworthy et al. 2002). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) specifies that nurses should treat patients as individuals and make their care their primary concern. This should be carried out whilst respecting their dignity and treating them as individuals. The code goes on to state, that a nurse should; act as an advocate for those in their care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support (NMC 2008 p.1). In order for a nurse to understand the patient holistically, they will need to collect and analyse a huge amount of data. This begins with the initial assessment, and signals the beginning of the nursing process. (Palmer Kaur, 2005). According to Roper, et al (1983), cited in Aggleton Chalmers (2000) nursing should be centred on the patients twelve activities of daily living. This involves asking in depth questions concerning the patients normal behaviours and habits in relation to such activities as elimination, sleep, work and play. By talking to the patient and obtaining the information required, the nurse should aim to build a therapeutic relationship between themselves and the patient. During this period, the nurse should attempt to gain the trust of her patient by making them feel comfortable, safe and at ease (Sheldon 2005). This stage of the nurse, patient relationship is crucial, and depends wholly on the communication abilities of the nurse in question. In order for an assessment to be successfully completed, the nurse should be conscious of the types of questions used. The use of open ended questions can allow a patient to elaborate on their feelings, and prevent yes or no answers. However, when precise information is required the use of closed questions may be more appropriate (Sully Dallas 2005). Stuart Laraia (2001), cited in Riley (2004) argue that a therapeutic relationship can be facilitated by communication, but at times can act as a barrier to the relationship. Renwick (1992) cited in Arnold Boggs (2003) concur, suggesting that nurses should ask an appropriate number of questions in order to collect relevant data , yet too many questions could cause the patient to feel as if they are being cross-examined. According to Sheldon, (2005), a nurse should view communication as a clinical skill, and endeavour to constantly build on their expertise throughout their career. Communication in its simplest term, is the social interaction of people. It involves the sending and receiving of messages, which can either be verbal or non-verbal (Anderson, 1990). According to Riley (2004) firstly, the sender has to encode the message that he or she wishes to send. This message is then conveyed to the receiver through means of speech, sight, and touch. It is then necessary for the receiver to decode the message, and encode a return message. Speech is often seen as the main component of communication. However, it is important for health professionals to remember, that not all words have the same meaning for everyone. Even if a patient does understand what the nurse is saying, the non verbal actions that accompany the words spoken, can completely change the meaning of the message (Arnold Boggs, 2003) Therefore, other elements apart from speech need to be taken into consideration when decoding and encoding messages. According to Argyle (1988) and Ekman Friesen (1987), cited in Kenworthy et al (2002), facial expression can reveal volumes with regards to the emotional state of the receiver or sender. They recognised six fundamental emotions, which are identifiable across all cultures, by the movement of facial muscles; happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. If a patient were undergoing an embarrassing procedure and the nurse caring for them showed signs of embarrassment or distaste via their facial muscles, this could make an unpleasant situation even more humiliating for the patient concerned. Stanton (1990) argues that an individuals body language can often display a much stronger message than their verbal communication, and can become open to misinterpretation. It is therefore necessary for health professionals to consider their non-verbal techniques of communica tion in order to avoid such misunderstandings. A further aspect of communications that a nurse should be conscious of is paralanguage. This includes the characteristics that run alongside language, for instance, pitch, volume, tone, accent and speed of speech. (Kenworthy et al 2002). It is entirely possible for the sender to encode one thing, only for the receiver to decode quite another. For instance, if a nurse is giving a patient instruction on how to take their medication, with a loud tone, and is pronouncing her words very slowly, the patient may feel as if they are being patronised. This could ultimately lead to a breakdown in communication, and hence the patients quality of care could become compromised. In conclusion, it is of the utmost importance that a nurse is able to build a trusting relationship with the patient, this will form the basis of the patients treatment and rehabilitation. The nurses communication ability is paramount and they must be fully aware of, and take into account the verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication. The nurse must also be aware of the diversity of clients, and treat them with sensitivity and respect. This will create a mutual understanding between nurse and patient, which will ultimately aid the rehabilitation process. The second part of this assignment will reflect on an incident that took place during a clinical setting. It will be used to demonstrate a further understanding of the importance of communication within nursing. Reflection on Practice Reflective practice has been identified and acknowledged as an essential tool within the healthcare profession. According to Jasper (2003), the ability to reflect upon ones experiences is the starting point for relating theory to practice. The reflective process requires the individual to be self aware, and able to analyse their actions, thoughts and feelings, and if necessary, bring about positive change (Bulman Schutz 2004). For the purposes of this reflection I will use the Gibbs reflective cycle (see Appendix 1). This model sets out a series of structured questions, which will help guide me through the reflective process In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) patient confidentiality will be maintained throughout this reflective account. Therefore, the patient involved will be referred to by the pseudonym of Rose. Description: What Happened? My first clinical placement was on an elective surgery ward. Rose, a 70 year old woman was suffering from primary osteoarthritis of the right hip. This is a degenerative, non-inflammatory condition, which affects the hyaline cartilage of the synovial joints (Manley and Bellman 2003). Due to her continuing pain and decreased mobility, she had agreed to undergo a total right hip arthroplasty. According to OBrien et al (1997a) arthroplasty, is the most common, and successful treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip. Rose was on her second, post operative day and was having trouble opening her bowels. The nurses caring for her were aware of this, and she had been given a laxative the previous evening. She was very reluctant to get out of bed and walk to the toilet herself, as she was afraid of the pain, and the fact that she may dislocate her hip. A staff nurse and I, had placed a bed pan underneath Rose several times that morning, but she had been unable to open her bowels. According to (Heberer and Marx 1995) constipation after surgery is quite commonplace, this can be due to the drugs taken after surgery to combat pain. Each time the staff nurse and I had assisted Rose, she had become very frustrated and angry. Later that afternoon Roses buzzer went off, she explained that she had a strong feeling that her bowels were about to open. I could tell by Roses facial expression that she was indeed desperate to open her bowels. The other two nurses on duty that day were busy with two post operative patients. I realised, that I would have to choose between waiting for another staff member to assist me, or allowing Rose to soil herself and her bed. I was aware that this would be very embarrassing and humiliating for her, I was also aware of the Code of Conduct (NMC 2008) that emphasises the fact that nurses should act in the best interests of the patient. I was also reluctant to attempt this alone, as Rose had become somewhat angry during previous attempts. Feelings: What were you thinking? Even though I had previously assisted qualified staff in placing Rose on a bedpan, I was rather apprehensive about tackling this procedure unsupervised. As no help seemed to be arriving, I realised that I had to make a decision. Not only was Rose becoming increasingly desperate, she was also becoming irate and impatient. I decided, that in order to adhere to the Code of Conduct (NMC, 2008) I would have to try and help Rose to the best of my ability, alone. I was very nervous, not only was I worried that I would not get her on the bedpan in time; I was also concerned that I would not be able to cope with her demeanour, if this happened. I did not feel experienced enough in my communication skills to be able to carry this out, whilst at the same time, attempting to place her on the bed pan. I explained to Rose that I was going to place the bedpan underneath her; I also explained that I was a student nurse and that I was still learning. Above Rose there was an over bed pole hoist (monkey bar) that she was able to use to pull herself up, whilst I placed the bed pan underneath her. Whilst Rose was pulling herself up she was making a lot of noise due to the strain of using her upper body, and the pain of her hip. I tried to encourage her with a calm voice, however I was aware that my tone of voice was rising because I felt panicked. This in turn caused Rose to become even more agitated. This was making me even more apprehensive, and I began to feel flustered and very inexperienced. It was very difficult to sit rose squarely on the bedpan as she was lying flat, I was very worried that she would completely miss it and soil the bedding. Not only would this be very humiliating and uncomfortable for her, but it would make me feel very incompetent as a nurse. During this time I f elt very inexperienced, and doubtful as to whether I would make a very good nurse at all. Eventually Rose managed to open her bowels, it was extremely loose and had an offensive smell. I was very worried that I would not be able to remain professional due to the sight and smell of the faeces. I was aware that this could be detrimental to Roses self esteem and could cause a barrier within the nurse, patient relationship. Whist wiping Rose, it was clear that she was very embarrassed. I too felt embarrassed, and endeavoured to keep talking to her until I had finished. Even though I had tried to hide my embarrassment, I was very concerned that Rose had been aware of it. This made me feel frustrated and annoyed with myself. Evaluation: What was good and bad about the situation? I feel that my lack of communication skills during an embarrassing situation were evident during the procedure. Rose was embarrassed enough, without me adding to her discomfort by showing my awkwardness. Although I managed to check my facial expressions whilst Rose was defecating for signs of distaste, I failed to check them for signs of embarrassment whilst wiping her. Despite my inexperience, I feel that I made the right choice when I decided to place Rose on the bed pan myself. I was aware that I had limitations as a student nurse, however, I felt that it was in Roses best interests for me to go ahead unaided. The whole situation would have been made a lot worse if Rose had defecated in the bed. She would have felt very humiliated and embarrassed and her feelings of lost independence would have escalated. Analysis: What sense can you make of the situation? On reflection I feel that I pre-judged Rose. Every time I had dealt with her over the previous two days she had appeared very demanding and short tempered. However, when everything had been cleared away, I sat with Rose and we talked for a while. Through the use of open questions I began to understand why Rose came across as difficult. Sully (2005), suggests that the use of open ended questions allows the patients to elaborate their feelings, and closed questions should only be used in instances when yes or no answers are required. I discovered that Rose was a very nice lady, who was simply embarrassed and frightened by her lack of mobility and independence. She explained that previous to her hip problems she had played golf on a regular basis, and that she was very worried that she would not be able to resume this pastime. According to Kennedy Sheldon (2004) anger in patients is often a reaction to fear and anxiety, particularly in cases where there is lack of independence. After ou r conversation, I felt that I had a greater understanding of Rose. Although I knew Rose was in pain, and appreciated her embarrassment, I had viewed her as an impatient, demanding lady. Rogers (1951), cited in Kennedy Sheldon (2004) suggest, that the manner in which a person responds to illness, is an individual response to their change of circumstances. He goes further, and states that it is the responsibility of the nurse to treat the patient as an individual, devoid of any prejudice, and with unconditional positive regard. (ibid). Smith Hart (1994), cited in Hollinworth et al (2005) concur, stating that nurses should refrain from being judgemental and should never label patients as being difficult or demanding following a particular episode of anger. On reflection this is exactly what I did. Due to Roses frustration during earlier attempts to place her on the bed pan, I had perceived her as a demanding and bad tempered lady, this had led to me feeling very apprehensive about dea ling with her. On reflection, I realise that I made assumptions about Roses personality that were not true. During the procedure I had attempted to calm Rose down by talking to her. However, I had allowed the tone of my voice to rise because I felt flustered. Ellis et al (2003), suggest that the tone and pitch of a senders voice can give clues to the receiver about the mood, and mind state of the sender. Jack Smith (2007), argue that the actual tone of the voice used, can have more of an impact that the actual words spoken. This can lead to a total misinterpretation of the message being conveyed and could ultimately lead to a breakdown in the nurse, patient relationship (ibid). Even though I was encouraging Rose, the tone and level of my voice could have been perceived as impatient. This would have caused Rose to become even more agitated, during what was an embarrassing and humiliating time for her. During the procedure I had also underestimated how my facial expression could be perceived by Rose. Although I had been conscious of not displaying signs of distaste whilst Rose was defecating, I had failed not to show signs of my embarrassment whilst wiping her afterwards. Arnold and Boggs (2003) argue that if the verbal message fails to match the non-verbal message, then the non-verbal aspects will take precedent. Therefore, even though I was telling Rose that everything was fine; my face was conveying quite clearly that I was very embarrassed. On reflection, I can see that this must have been very humiliating for Rose, as she was normally a very independent lady who was used to dealing with her elimination needs herself. Conclusion: This situation, has taught me the importance of building a therapeutic, trusting relationship with patients. It is essential that the nurse knows the person as a whole in order to treat them as individuals. If I had been aware of how independent and active Rose had previously been, then I would have been far better equipped to deal with her. I have also been made more aware of the dangers of pre-judging patients. I had labelled Rose as a bad tempered lady, and had failed to understand her reasons for this behaviour. This experience has shown me the importance of questioning and listening to patients in order to see them as whole beings. My experience has shown me, how lack of communication skills can cause barriers within the nurse patient relationship. It is very important to not only be aware of what you are saying, but to also be aware of non-verbal communication techniques that run alongside language. Action Plan My encounter with Rose has shown me how inexperienced I am with regards to communication with patients. I realise the importance of continually striving to enhance my skills, in order to progress as a student nurse. During subsequent placements, I will take the opportunity to practice my communication techniques, bearing in mind that communication is not only about conversing with the patient verbally, but also about being aware of facial expressions, paralanguage and the ability to listen attentively. In future I will be acutely aware of the importance of not pre-judging or labelling patients, but will endeavour to treat them respectfully and as individuals. Overall Conclusion In conclusion, good communication skills are essential in order for a nurse to provide the best level of care. For a nurse to be able to establish a trusting relationship with the patient, they must first have a mutual understanding. This understanding can only be achieved if the nurse is able to communicate effectively, being aware, not only of the words being used, but also of the non-verbal traits that run alongside those words. The nurse also needs to be aware of the patients non-verbal cues. Many patients will show signs of frustration or anger because they are frightened, it is important that the nurse is able to read these signs and investigate them further. For a nurse to successfully practice, it is essential that they continually practice, develop and enhance their communication skills throughout their career. Reference List Aggleton P and Chalmers H (2000) Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn.) Hampshire: Palgrave Anderson C (1990) Patient Teaching and Communicating in an Information Age. New York: Delmar Publishers Inc. Arnold E and Underman Boggs K (2003) Interpersonal Relationships; Professional communication Skills for Nurses. (4th edn.) 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